
Democracy for Realists: Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Governments
Professors Christopher Achen and Larry Bartels provide scads of evidence in Democracy for Realists to support their theory that citizens do not guide politics through the voting booth. They argue that the outcomes of elections are essentially random, resulting from events outside of the politician’s control. Achen and Bartels are both longtime Princeton professors and authors of multiple books.

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November 2025
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